To Kill a Mockingbird †Critical Response Essay Essay Example

To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay Essay ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ is a fresh smartly written by Harper Lee to picture the prejudicial. discriminatory and racist attitudes of white society in Maycomb. Alabama in the 1930’s. Maycomb at first glimpse seems to be a warm and soft topographic point. However. as the novel progresses. the background of bondage. racism and poorness as a consequence of the Great Depression becomes prevailing. Lee explores assorted subjects such as the symbol of the mocking bird as a metaphor for artlessness. societal justness issues such as racism and bias and the mundane attitudes of people populating in little Deep South towns such as Maycomb. She successfully uses a assortment of linguistic communication techniques including sarcasm. sarcasm. temper and the usage of metaphors and conversational linguistic communication to develop characters and convey these subjects in a manner that is interesting prosecuting and thought arousing. The narrative is told through the position of Scout. the girl of Atticus. a outstanding. widowed attorney. Harper Lee’s accomplishment in making graphic imagination and a elaborate description of the town is made possible as Lookout recounts the narrative as an grownup. The narrative is divided in two parts. The first trades with Jem ( Scouts older brother ) and Scout’s compulsion with a cryptic adult male named Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. who portions the â€Å"spooky† Radley House with his male parent Mr. Nathan Radley. When Scout and Jem befriend a male child called Dill. their compulsion his heightened and they play games picturing the life of Boo the manner they perceive it. The 2nd Part of the Novel trades with Tom Robinson. a black adult male who is charged with ravishing Mayella Ewell. a white adult female. Tom is defended by Atticus and it is here that the biass of white society become prevailing and confronting. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harper Lee successfully uses irony cubic decimeter as Jem and Scout try to do sense of a society that strives to be moral and nice. yet embraces mindless biass and racism. This usage of sarcasm and sarcasm coupled with the artlessness of the kids creates temper ( for illustration. when Scout decides to crush Dill up so that he would get married her ) in the novel in capturing manner. Colloquial linguistic communication typical of the environment in which this novel is set is used invariably and suitably. However. differences even in conversational linguistic communication can be noted between white and black society. Calpurnia. a black maidservant looking after Scout and Jem. shows this really clearly. utilizing ‘White man’s language’ when in their company and altering to ‘black man’s jargon’ when in the company of dorsums. This divide in linguistic communication is used to underscore the divide in society between the two civilizations. Language is successfully used in the novel to develop characters and word picture. An illustration of this is the manner that the Ewell’s usage of disgusting linguistic communication as they address others. demoing their hapless instruction and societal standing. Again. sarcasm is created here when Bob Ewell asserts himself better than a black adult male yet Tom Robinson speaks far more courteously and without disgusting linguistic communication. Mayella shows an utmost deficiency of instruction in her address as she struggles to happen the right words to show herself clearly. Atticus. on the other manus. uses formal linguistic communication of a high criterion and incorporates metaphors. sarcasm and temper in a manner that is impressive and frequently elusive. This is used to develop his character as a extremely respectful. open- minded. moral adult male. Assorted subjects such as favoritism. bias. and societal justness are incorporated into this novel. The racialist and frequently unlogical biass of white society against black society ties into the subject of societal justness. a premier illustration being the result of Tom’s instance demoing how the universe we live in may non ever be merely and how justice depends on the attitudes of persons. However. possibly the most cardinal subject is the importance of the rubric â€Å"To kill a mockingbird† . This construct. the mindless persecution of an guiltless person. is used to depict Tom Robinson’s tribunal instance. Mocking birds sing for people’s enjoyment. make no injury to the community and are a symbol of pureness and artlessness. Tom Robinson is perceived as a mocker when he is wrongly convicted over the colza of Mayella Ewell because of the biass of white society. Lee uses the repeat of the words â€Å"guilty†¦ guilty†¦ . guilty† to underscore the disapprobation of an guiltless adult male. or in a metaphorical sense. the violent death of a derisive bird. Boo Radley may besides be seen as a mocking bird. In the beginning of the novel. he is perceived as a unsafe. frenzied person by the townspeople merely because of his cryptic character ( Boo seldom ventures out of the Radley House ) . though he had committed no offense. However. after Boo leaves gifts in a hole in a tree. puts a cover over lookout when she is standing in the cold and finally. saves Scouts life when Bob Ewell tries to kill her to seek retaliation for the demoralization of his household. during the tribunal instance. Jem and Scout realise that he is really a harmless. sort. person. Again. we see how an guiltless adult male can be discriminated against by prejudice borne from ignorance. In decision. Harper Lee has achieved her intent in doing us believe about the manner we treat others and the effects that our ain biass may hold on their lives. She has achieved this by successfully conveying the common attitudes of white society in Deep South towns in the 1930’s ( particularly towards African Americans ) . and developing subjects and characters through her usage of linguistic communication devices such as conversational linguistic communication. sarcasm and sarcasm in a manner that is effectual and prosecuting.

Get the PowerPoint - Emphasis

Get the PowerPoint Get the PowerPoint PowerPoint has revolutionised presentations. But too many people now use it as a substitute for thinking. They launch the application before theyve even considered what they want to say or what information will help the audience take in what theyre saying. Too often, the result is as exciting as a presentation on watching a plank warp. The key is to let this tool support your talk, not to let it take over. So heres a two-minute guide on how to write PowerPoint presentations: Intro slide With the first slide, introduce yourself. (Obvious we know, but its surprising how many people miss this one.) This frame can be up as your audience comes in if yours is the first or only talk in the session. It should feature: the title of your talk your name your position. Bullet points To use bullets effectively: stick to five bullets maximum keep each point to ten words maximum write statements, not descriptions cut all non-essential words double-check grammar, spelling and punctuation avoid flashy animations theyre just distracting. Graphics Graphics can add variety. Just make sure they are: relevant not too detailed making a clear point properly labelled. Sometimes a graphic on its own (ie with no text or other information) can work well to hold attention and liven up your talk. Sites like Flickr or CDs of copyright-free images can be useful here if youre on a tight budget. Although 30 spent on a decent image from a photo library can make your presentation far more professional. Holding frames Include holding frames when you want more attention on you. Avoid blank screens, it will look like something has gone wrong. Use your holding frame if you have no suitable illustration too. The holding frame should contain as little information as possible, eg just your organisations logo and web address. Avoid putting too much on your screen PowerPoint is there to support your talk. But filling the screen wont help your cause at all. Its easy to overestimate how much people can read on a slide. So dont stuff it full of statistics and excess verbiage. Whats more, if you put something on screen, remember that people will read it rather than listen to you, so you just end up wasting your breath. Less is more, therefore. (See the point about using images in isolation, above.) And finally Always think about your audience: keep things moving: aim for about one frame a minute vary the pace slightly plan your talk separately You can learn more about writing presentations and speeches on one of our courses.

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Writer's choice - Essay Example competitive advantage over a competitor, the company has employed various marketing strategies that help it in reaching out to its wide range of customers all over the place. Production of different sports wear for the different sports is among the strategies that the company uses in its market dominance. A marketing mix helps the company in producing sportswear that satisfies the different sports participants. SWOT analysis is also another concept that the company has been using in dealing with its business strategy. This involves analyzing a company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunity and the threats that the business is prone. This helps in the growth and development of the company’s strategic plans involving its marketing the goods and services. Lululemon is a clothing company that produces clothes of different models and fashions for running, yoga, working out as well as sweaty clothes. The company makes the clothes for different clients both male and females. The concept of capturing both the male and the female genders makes the company have a wide range of customers. This is a marketing mix that targets both genders thus having the maximum number of clients. This makes the company have a competitive edge over the other competitors. Having well distributed retail shops all over helps the company to reach out its extensive number of customers all over the world. This also brings out the customer satisfaction thus earning customer loyalty. This involves the satisfaction of different customers with different tastes of the goods and services. This is achieved through the production of goods with different styles and models. By having a wide range of products, the companies would have the wider range of customers to offer their services to (Paley, 2007). A marketing mix would greatly serve the different cohorts in the different

Finish three finance questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finish three finance questions - Essay Example The recessionary woes prevalent in the country have adversely affected the business of company. As the recession has taken a strong hit on the manufacturing organizations, so has service sector been affected by it. Although revenue has declined by a meager percentage, the profitability of the company has been slashed down by 73.5% during the same year. The operating expenses have themselves decreased by 2.6% on account of declining revenues and a better allocation of resources by management during the period. Exceptional items occurrence in the operating expenses section have trimmed the profitability. They have increased from a tiny ?4.7 Million in 2008 to ?37.4 Million in 2009 which represents an increase of 687% over the period. Finance costs have also painted a dim picture of profitability increasing by 10.28% during the period from CY08 to CY09. The financial burden was magnified because of an increase in exceptional items occurring in the financial charges table which increase from ?4.2 Million to ?11.9 Million. Income taxes paid during the year decreased by 65.3% with the credit going to the inverse effect of exception items on the taxable income. In a nutshell, if we exclude the effects of exceptional items, the profitability has only shrunk by 20%. ... High gross margins of the company depict that the company is operating in service industry. Operating margins have decreased from a hefty 23.6% in CY08 to 17.6% in CY09. Increase in operating expenses has caused the company to bear the brunt of falling profitability. Operating expenses have increased by 8.38% during the calendar year. Incorporating the effect of exceptional items show that operating margins have only declined from 24.3% in CY08 to 22.8% in CY09. The explanation can be attributed to the ground that the company has incurred ?37 million additional in exceptional items under the operating expenses table. Hence, we expect that the future of the company will remain upbeat as these exceptional items will have a limited affect on future operations. Net Profit Margin of Marston group has squeezed from 9.3% in CY08 to 2.5% in CY09. Again, exceptional items are the main culprit to such a large decline in margins. Financial costs have jumped up by 10.3% during the period on acco unt of increasing exceptional items incurred within the financial charges category. Efficiency Analysis Asset turnover ratio decreased from 0.27 in CY08 to 0.265 in CY09. This implies that the company is generating ?0.265 in revenues for every ?1 in its assets. This decline is a result of squeezing out of revenues in FY09, although the impact has also been mitigated by a slight decrease in assets from ?2465.9 to ?2431.3 in CY09. Trade receivables day outstanding has increased from 41 days in CY08 to 45 days in CY09 which implies that receivables are being collected in a higher number of days in the previous year, thus marking a negative sign on efficiency of the company. As the organization is not a manufacturing concern,

Sherlok Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sherlok - Essay Example Jams Watson, I feel taken a back into the 19th century, which I believe had the most intelligent human beings. Holmes’ intelligence is intertwined in his epic stoicism, sharp humour and encyclopaedic memory. I would like to focus on the plot because; the development of this story is boring. It is until one reads a number of the adventures that, the flow is realized. Holmes’s character and purpose in the adventures is realized when connecting the themes of all the Adventures and this is the sole reason of focusing on the plot of this piece of literary work. The part, when a helpless client enters to explain his mind on the determination of his case by the police. The presence of both the narrator and Holmes in the house and the subsequent events, that saw the narrator express his feeling of elucidating the most singular case, is a critical section in describing the narrator. It indicates his thinking ability, royalty and sincerity. I will like to talk about the time or periods, when the two primary characters carry out investigation of a case and take pleasure after work well done. For the case of investigation, I enjoy following Holmes apt investigative skills and the skilful ultimate interpretation (Arthur, 19). The second experience, the two characters enjoy by drinking and smoking. This indicates the other side of the two characters during leisure time. They do all sorts of things in a bid to enjoy themselves. The first experience benefits me, particularly when trying to imagine Holmes’ natural skills of investigation and solving cases (Arthur, 25). On the other hand, the second experience did not benefit me because of the reckless drinking and smoking, which indicates the bad side of the two

Marks and spencers as an international retailer

Marks and spencers as an international retailer Marks and Spencer, known as M S, is one of the biggest retailers in the world. It has around 150 stores in 30 countries, including 130 franchises operating across the globe. Though it is very popular for its clothing chains in the United Kingdom, M S is also known for its multi-million pound food industry. M S also sell home furnishings, footwear and gifts other than clothing and food. In the United Kingdom alone it has 450 stores and under the trademark St. Michael, it has a chain of 294 stores. Almost all the companys overseas branches are locally franchised. M S owns the United States of Americas Brooks Brothers and King Super Markets. To meet the demands of the customers the company gets facilitated by Direct Mail. The companys core objectives of meeting the customer expectation and giving consumers easier and better access to a wide list of products. The financial services for the customers are provided by the groups financial services which comprise of the unit trust manage ment, life insurances etc. M S in recent years suffered a succession of adversities, both at home and abroad. The sales of the company have dropped. The market capitalization and stock prices reduced substantially and the overseas profits have tremendously declined. As a result the company was forced to form a marketing department in January 1999 and become more proactive and market driven. M S followed a very simple marketing philosophy for a very long time. That is to produce high quality products under a recognised brand and advertise through the word-of-mouth. But in the recent past, this advertising strategy has come under criticism as the company started losing its competitive touch. The challenge now is to develop a good marketing strategy and emerge from the slump to reposition M S as a fierce global competitor in the international arena. Internationalization Strategy of M S The internationalization of the M S began in the early 1940s. It is because the company started to feel that the domestic market has been saturated and the expansion has to come from abroad. Unlike most of the firms, M S began to export its products on the brand name St. Michael as a way to test the waters. It has been successful and the company was exporting about $1,146,000 worth of products by 1955. Externally, the members of a local labour party were suggesting nationalizing the leading domestic retailers. Sooner as a tool of diversification, some international franchising relationships were formed. This franchising allowed the company to achieve global presence with minimum political and economic risks. As the relations of the company grew with other global countries, MS choose to invest directly (FDI). MS uses various types of foreign entry around the world. But mostly the company believes in opening its own stores in major economies. It has its own stores in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Spain and Netherlands; and franchises in Cyprus, Israel, Bermuda, etc. when forming international alliances; it often prefers an experienced retailer in that particular country. Its first joint venture was established in Spain as it felt the cultural distance and market power of its co company will help to mitigate the political climate and behaviour of the company. Its international strategies in Spain yielded successful results which helped it to gain popularity in the global markets. Through franchising, its approach was mostly top-down. That is it has a centralised management which could not be better off in various marketing situations. Hence it was forced to change its internationalization strategies through foreign direct investment. Due to this there is a forced change in its technolog y, cultural behaviouring and regional promoting aspects. MS started to open stores in America, Far East and Europe. In different parts it has slightly different operational strategies depending upon the host countries values. In America it used acquisitions with Brook Brothers (clothing company), in Europe it has its direct stores running and in Far East, some stores were run with franchise and others through direct investment. Following a wide range of strategy reviews of its business, board of MS announced in 2001 significant changes to its strategies. The important decisions in its strategy are: Expansion in growth of profitable products. Acceleration of store renewal program Being close to the customer More intensive use of space Release value from half the property portfolio Cost cutting. MS has a wide range of returns on food products and has earned customer trust. So it decided to invest its major investment in food, home and beauty products. Its other plan was to accelerate the renewal of store renewal. Under this, it planned to refurbish more stores faster at the lower cost. It also reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per sqft. Apart from these strategic changes, it uses direct investment in global sectors which gained them a competitive advantage. Factors affecting MS strategy There are various factors which has a certain impact on the MS internationalization strategy. Of them, technology has been one of the factor in which the company was forced to change its strategy in various countries. But broadly speaking, in this fast developing technological world, technology used by Ms is been available where ever it opened its stores. A small adjustment to the technical functioning of a store is enough for the company to have its strategy working. The most important factor that has its resemblance in the formulation of internationalization strategy is geography and distance. As the marketing strategy of MS is universal, however it does not mean that it uses similar strategies in all parts of the world. There is a large effect of globalisation to the formulation of internationalization strategies. Consumers from various countries are different due to varying culture, economic development, and income level and so on. So in certain cases MS does not use its centralised operating strategies instead it combines with some other company through mergers but has its own standards running. This initial phenomenon of outsourcing and then after some recognition opening its own store had a significant upward success in MS organization. As marks and spencer is generally known for its clothing and food products, the locality of the company is very important. As MS runs its stores in different countries, transportation of the products has to be done in a prà ©cised manner such that there is no shortage. So in order to overcome this transportation and time differences, MS has its own outlets in specific countries. These outlets have immediate access to the supply of products whenever required. There are certain situations where it cannot have its own outlets due to some government policies and other factors. In these cases, marks and spencer uses its internationalization strategy of franchising. So that it has its own functionality running by other company. All these have significant impacts in the brand distribution globally. Apart from these, government trade policies also play a part in the strategy formulation. Given the growing links among nations, it is very difficult to consider domestic policy without considering international repercussions. In the case of formulating its strategy in US, bilateral negotiations are carried out covering wide range of products, services and investments. Such a policy should pursue the government to facilitate competitiveness and encourage collaboration among companies in the areas of goods and process technologies. MS is an UK company where the marketing conditions have to be emphasized by the government and the product is socially accepted. Also great emphasis is placed on efficiency by government policies. Where as in US and Far East countries, they regard individualism and the promotional appeals should be relevant to the individual to incorporate lower power distance within the market. Also the main advantage of Marks and Spencer government policy is that it had an opportunity of taking advantage of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in US. It takes advantage of tax under this agreement and is outsourcing its products to Mexico and Canada. It also has an advantage of making economic sense in terms of logistics. The important policy priorities for the tax Policy Action Group (PAG) in the future include: The Tax Framework for Business The Value Added Tax The National Insurance Contributions M S will be benefitted over the above made policies by the government. The idea is to focus on the oversight and the management of the policy implications in indirect tax, company tax, personnel tax and customs duty. Conclusion The conventional wisdom on development of the developed companies like MS has focused on learning from mistakes. The leading MS Company showed that their high risk strategy of acquisition and direct investment can yield successful results backed up with technology, and cultural values. The insights from the study on MS suggest that overseas expansion is related to the need to improve global competitiveness in order to boost their outsourcing capabilities. No matter the distance and differences between the countries, MS has been the successful organization to open its companies in different countries and make them profitable ones. The only important aspect for it is to make a minimum number of changes to the functioning and marketing aspects depending upon the country in which it is operating in. thus from the above analysis it can be understood that the globalization strategy of MS created a new marketing paradigm in its success and also gained superior advantage and reputation irres pective of the host country policies and other factors. Hence it is clear from the strategies of an MS company that we live in a truly globalised economy where differences across countries are given little importance in development.

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Meursault as Christ

Meursault as Christ in The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚     In one of his later interviews, Camus made the somewhat irritated comment that Meursault is the â€Å"only Christ we deserve.† While this seem to be a pithy, witty comment, we need to figure out how Meursault is like Christ. Christ taught his disciples and had them go and teach others, yet Meursault has no disciples and chooses to say little. Meursault murders while Christ brings a man back from the dead. Most drastically, Christ †died for our sins† in order to make all those who follow free from original sin. Meursault just dies. So it is hard to see the link. If, however, we are to take Camus seriously, we need to push hard on this comparison. Christ lived his life along an orchestrated plan. At the garden of Gethsimede, Christ looks to heaven and asks that â€Å"this cup be taken from me.† Later, he recants and continues along his preordained path to crucifixion. Meursault never gets that chance. Instead of the hand of God or Fate pushing him inexorably forward, he chooses Chance. Chance put him on the floor with ...

Welfare and Drug Testing

The welfare program was designed to be a temporary solution to help families in need to get back on their feet, and meet their basic needs. It Is estimated that 50 to 80 percent of family based services involve drugs or alcohol abuse (Chug 2001). Some advantages of mandatory drug testing for welfare recipients are that it fosters self-reliance, averts abuse of the welfare system, gives people an opportunity to receive treatment, and ensures correct allocation of tax dollars. So why not drug test the recipients before a person an get qualified for services? Drug abuse has been a problem in the United States for a very long time.In the beginning before there were regulations narcotics were freely used In elixirs and other medical and homemade remedies. It was not until the effects of these drugs were known, and the damage was already done that government regulations were put into place. It has been determined that the use of drugs has been the main cause of most crimes in the United St ates. Statistically it has been shown that nearly half of the current inmate population has some history of drug abuse. It has been brought to the attention of legislators that there is a drug abuse problem within the welfare system.When the welfare reform act of 1996 was passed there was a provision stated to allow drug testing on an as needed basis. This protocol has not been widely used, and seems to have been forgotten, until now that is. The government has identified a problem within the welfare system, and would like to recoup some of the losses, and also help some of the individuals that do have a problem. Welfare was meant to be a temporary fix† to help a person get back on their feet. If a drug problem Is present, a person will tend to stay on the system, not be employable, and use the benefits for which they were not Intended.To get this issue in check law makers would like to see people be drug tested before being approved for benefits, and periodic random tests whi le they are receiving them as well. There are also provisions for persons who have a drug problem to receive the treatment they need. This pale chart represents the results off poll Fox News did In 2010. The question was, â€Å"Do you Delves welfare recipients snouts De Aragua tested There are many different types of tests used to detect drugs in a person's yester. The type of testing used will be determined on the types of drugs being tested for and the cost effectiveness and time allotment.Some states are proposing the individual will pay for the testing, but will be reimbursed once the results come back negative. Other states are proposing the amount of money they will save by cutting back on benefit fraud will be more than enough to cover the costs of testing. The most cost effective and time efficient method of testing is urinalysis. This test can be administered in an office setting and the results are available immediately. The only down fall to this test is it can be beat b y taking herbal supplements that are made to mask the drug.It is also not accurate in testing for substances like cocaine and alcohol as they are not testable in the urine after 3 days. Hair testing is another option. This test is administered in a clinical setting, and requires small amounts of hair taken from different areas of the head. One inch of hair gives the clinician sixty days of history, and cannot be faked. Blood tests also require a clinical setting and a laboratory to read the results. With the last two options of testing turnaround time an be days, weeks, or months, and can be quite expensive.There are already a few states such as Michigan, Florida, and New Hampshire that have this protocol in place. The strongest argument for the testing of individuals is having such a program in place will help reduce the miss use and miss appropriation of taxpayer's monies. Governor Rick Scott, R Florida, states † It's not right for taxpayer money to be paying for somebody's drug addiction, On top of that, this is going to increase personal responsibility, personal accountability. We shouldn't be subsidizing people's addiction. (Scott, 2011). The state of Florida approved this bill that took effect July 1, 2011.Governor Scott also stated â€Å"It's the right thing for taxpayers,† Scott said after signing the measure. â€Å"It's the right thing for citizens of this state that need public assistance. We don't want to waste tax dollars. And also, we want to give people an incentive to not use drugs. † (Scott, 2011) It is perceived it would help reduce domestic violence and other drug related crimes. Individuals would also receive intervention and care they might not normally have access to without this program. If an individual were to fail a drug test they would be given the option to enter a state treatment program.If the person was to refuse treatment or have a second offense after completing the treatment they would lose their benefits fo r a period of one year. As with all new laws trying to be passed there are also those who are against it. Opponents of drug testing believe that it is violating the constitutional protections in the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the U. S Constitution states, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.Columnist William Safari in The New York Times writes, Not only is my home my castle, my body is my citadel. Unless I give you a probable cause to suspect me of a crime, what goes on in my home and body and mind is my business Robin Merrill of Maine Equal Justice, which provides legal services for the poor states, â€Å"Random drug testing is very questionable legally with respect to constitutional issues. If the government has the right to drug- test people based on receipt of aid from public assistance programs, what is to stop en government Trot requiring Aragua tes ting Tort anyone won receives a student loan or any other government benefit?This law would create a very slippery slope with respect to infringement on people's right to privacy. † Another point in question is will this really save the tax payers any money? How much will the added administrative personal and the testing itself cost? The Miami Herald reports that the savings in Florida could reach one hundred thousand dollars, but no reports of administrative costs have been reported. Adversaries also raise the question about discrimination and alienation. They believe that singling out individuals because of their financial status could be disastrous and have negative effects.Cutting off families benefits because of the actions of an individual could do more harm than good. Just because an individual has a substance abuse problem, how can you prove they are not using their benefits appropriately? (Dona 2005) Whether you are in favor or opposed to welfare recipients being drug tested, the issue is one that most people will encounter on Election Day. People who are in favor say testing will allow people to get help that otherwise would fall through the cracks. It would also raise the UN employment rate by allowing those individuals to become better qualified to obtain and keep Jobs.

Article of Capital Budgeting Survey Essay

This research is motivated by two major factors: (1) the  over twenty year hiatus since the last thorough review ofthe capital budgeting survey literature, and (2) past appeals to the finance academic community by researchers to explore  neglected areas ofthe capital budgeting process. In response, and using a four-stage capital budgeting process as a guide, the authors review the capital budgeting survey literature  from 1984 through 2008 and find that some ofthe neglected  areas have infact been directly addressed. Unfortunately, the most prevalent focus of capital budgeting surveys continues  to be that ofthe selection stage. As a result, many areas ofthe capital budgeting process still remain relatively unexplored, providing numerous survey research opportunities. This research effort is motivated by two tnajor factors: 1)  the twenty year hiatus since the last thorough review of the capital budgeting survey literature, and 2) past observations and appeals made to the finance academic community by  fellow researchers to explore neglected areas of the capital budgeting process through more focused and directed survey  research. Richard M. Burns is a Professor of Finance at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL Joe Walker is an Associate Professor of Finance at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL. The authors wish to thank the Editor and the anonymous referee for their many helpful comments and suggestions. 78 The first factor stands on its own as justification for an update of the capital budgeting survey literature. The last comprehensive reviews were made by researchers Scott and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee (1987) over twenty years ago. Regarding the second factor, almost three decades ago, Kim (1979) noted that too much emphasis was being placed on methods of ranking and selecting capital budgeting proposals. Scott and Petty (1984) also noted the â€Å"†¦ disproportionate (unjustified) amount of time [spent] on a particular stage (financial analysis and project selection) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Further, Gordon and Pinches (1984) generalized this complaint by arguing that â€Å"†¦the capital budgeting process must be viewed in its entirety.† Mukherjee (1987) agreed that â€Å"†¦ further survey efforts need to be devoted to understanding the entire process.† To address these two factors, the authors have provided a current review of the capital budgeting survey studies over the past twenty-four years. The results are reported in a four-stage capital budgeting framework that allows a more detailed and clear assessment of the appeals by past researchers. As a result, fertile areas for future applied research in the area of capital budgeting survey work are more easily identified and summarized. The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section I a four-stage capital budgeting process will be identified and used throughout the balance ofthe paper. It provides a useful framework to evaluate in more detail the most prominent capital budgeting survey literature reviews of the past, to highlight neglected areas of capital budgeting research, and to organize past appeals for future research in this area. In Section II this four-stage process will also be used to describe the procedures used in performing the capital budgeting 79 BURNS & WALKER – CAPITAL BUDGETING SURVEYS: THE FUTURE IS NOW survey literature update over the 1984-2008 period. Section  III will continue to use this framework to present the detailed findings while Section IV will provide an overall summary.  Finally, Section V will present conclusions, comments, and  insights for future survey research. I. Past Reviews and Appeals appears on an executive’s desk and all that is needed is for the manager to choose the project(s) with the highest expected payoff. However, as most managers quickly learn, this is not the case. Further, once projects are chosen, the evaluation  of an individual project’s subsequent performance  is usually either ignored or often inappropriately  handled.  Our contention is that the capitalbudgeting process must be viewed in its entirety,  and the informational needs to support effective  decisions must be built  into the firm’s decision  comprehensive reviews  support system. In the corporate finance  capital budgeting survey  literature  the  capital  The last budgeting process has been  were made by researchers Scott  described in terms of four The two most significant stages: 1) identification, attempts to assess the and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee 2) development,  3)  balance of research among  (1987) over twenty years ago.  selection, and 4) control.’  these four stages were those  The identification stage  of Scott and Petty (1984)  comprises the overall process of project idea generation and Mukherjee (1987), both of which occurred well over including sources and submission procedures and the twenty years ago.^ Scott and Petty provided a synthesis of earlier surveys of  incentives/reward system, if any. The development stage involves the initial screening process relying primarily large American firms and organized their analysis based on a upon cash flow estimation and early screening criteria. The three stage classification: 1) project definition and cash flow selection stage includes the detailed project analysis that estimation 2) financial analysis and project selection, and results in acceptance or rejection of the project for funding. 3) project implementation and review. Citing Gitman and Finally, the control stage involves the evaluation of project Forrester (1977), they noted that: †¦ project definition and cash flow estimation is performance for both control purposes and continuous considered the â€Å"most difficult† aspect ofthe capital improvement for future decisions. All four stages have budgeting process. The financial analysis and common areas of interest including personnel, procedures, project selection stage, which receives the most and methods involved, along with the rationale for each. attention in the literature, is considered the least All four stages are critical to the overall process, but difBcult ofthe three stages †¦Ã‚  the selection stage is arguably the most involved since it includes the choices of analytical methods/techniques used, Also covering surveys of large American corporations, how the cost of capital is determined, how adjustments for Mukherjee (1987) agreed that there had been too much projects risks are assessed and reflected, and how, if relevant, survey focus on the selection stage and not enough on the capital rationing affects project choice. The selection stage other stages as well as the overall capital budgeting process. has also been the most investigated by survey researchers, Paraphrasing that paper’s recommendations, it called for particularly in the area of selection techniques, resulting in more research into specific questions relevant for each stage. a relative neglect ofthe other stages. This in turn has led to For example, in stage 1, future surveyors were urged to appeals to future researchers to consider the other stages in investigate the reward systems, procedural aspects, and the their survey research efforts. As Gordon and Pinches (1984) organizational structure ofthe firm. In stage 2, more research note: was suggested on the topics of divisional vs. corporate Most of the literature on the subject of capital biases, strategic considerations, cash flow estimation budgeting has emphasized the selection phase, details, data details, cannibalization, risk, and inflation. giving little coverage to the other phases. Instead, Even within the more widely-studied Stage 3, neglected it is usually assumed that a set of well-defined capital investment opportunities, with all of the informational needs clearly specified, suddenly ^ o t e that these two reviews are only three years apart based on publication ‘See Gordon and Pinches (1984) and Mukherjee (1987). Scott and Petty (1984) use a similar 3-stage process. It is interesting to note, however, that an even earlier survey by Gitman and Forrester (1977) had used a 4-stage analysis. date, and that the latter does not cite the former, likely due to publication lags. As noted in the procedures section, this paper uses the Mukherjee format. Furthermore, the title of this paper derives from Mukherjee’s title. 80 areas were identified such as the rationale for the various methods used, how firms compute their cost of capital, the low rate of risk recognition, the associated low rates of risk adjustment and assessment sophistication, capital rationing (and the low usage of linear programming), and the details of authorization levels. Finally, with regard to Stage 4, more research was encouraged into the details of performance evaluation, how the company follows up on such evaluation, the details of expenditure control procedures, and the reward system for performance.’ How well these appeals have been answered with subsequent survey research is the primary focus of this paper. In the next section the authors describe the procedures employed to assess the effectiveness of these appeals made over twenty years ago. II. Procedures Consistent with the reviews by Scott and Petty (1984) and Mukherjee (1987), the following criteria were used to choose capital budgeting survey articles for inclusion in this review: the surveys had to involve large US firms, they had to be broad-based (not focused on one particular industry), and they had to be published in mainline academic journals post-1984. Using these criteria resulted in the selection of the nineteen capital budgeting surveys included in Figure 1.† The Figure provides, in chronological order, the survey year (which in all cases differs from the publication year), authors, research method, usable responses and the audience surveyed. Each of these 19 survey articles was then thoroughly examined in an effort to identify the stages and areas within each stage that the survey covered. The results of this process are reported in Figure 2 and consistent with Mukherjee’s (1987) chronological ordering in a tabular form indicating areas of investigation within the four stages ofthe ‘These more specific questions are largely paraphrased from Mukherjee (1987) and are not fully exhaustive. The interested reader is, of course, encouraged to read this very thorough article in its entirety. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢The initial search using Proquest (ABI Inform) specifying â€Å"capital budgeting surveys† in scholarly journals after January 1, 1984, yielded over two hundred results. However, the great majority were published in the non-mainline journals, including many strictly practitioner (trade journal) outlets and /or were focused on a particular country or industry and thus eliminated by the screening criteria. To insure against missing articles due to any limitations ofthe ABl database, the authors checked the references ofthe surviving articles, and in addition, conducted a manual search ofthe most cited finance journals tables of contents and the reference sections of the various survey articles found. JOURNAL OF APPLIED FINANCE – ISSUES 1 & 2, 2009 capital budgeting process.’ It should be noted that the Figures herein were slightly altered from Mukherjee’s original format to better focus on selected issues that were identified specifically as areas of neglect. For example, the category of â€Å"techniques† was divided into â€Å"techniques used† and â€Å"reasons for techniques used†. Similarly, the risk category was divided into â€Å"risk recognition†, â€Å"risk assessment†, and â€Å"risk adjustment†. III. Findings by Stage A quick perusal of Figure 2 reveals an obvious concentration of â€Å"checks† in Stage 3 (selection) similar to the previous findings of Mukherjee. Although a careful look at some of the stage categories individually indicates that several neglected areas have been researched over the period, there is still an obvious and relative lack of research into Stages 1, 2, and 4. To further assess the effectiveness ofthe research appeals, the analysis and reported results in this section will be ordered by the four stages.   Summary comments are provided only  on those surveys which provide a significant contribution to a previously neglected area of capital budgeting survey research. As a result, the findings of Bierman ( 1993), Gilbert and Reichert (1995), Payne, Heath, and Gale (1999), and Ryan and Ryan (2002) are not summarized. A. Stage 1 : Identification Suggested areas of study within this stage include how project proposals are initiated, whether the proposal process is on-going or on an â€Å"only-when-needed† basis, at what level projects are generated, whether there is a formal process for submitting ideas, how that process works when present, and if there is an incentive system for rewarding good ideas.* Unfortunately, there has never been an in-depth survey focused on this stage, leaving no question that it remains strongly neglected. The only contribution of a minor nature to this topic is the incidental finding by Stanley and Block (1984). They found that in over 80% of the responding firms that capital budgeting proposals originated bottom up ‘In the 1987 article, note that on Figure 4, the stages are described somewhat differently from the discussion in the paper itself Specifically, in the body of the paper, the four stages are: (1) identification, (2) development, (3) selection, and (4) the post-audit. But in the table, the 4 stages are idea generation, proposal development, selection of projects, and control or performance evaluation. ‘As in footnote 3, the following suggested areas of study for all four stages are largely paraphrased from Mukherjee (1987).. 81 BURNS & WALKER – CAPITAL BUDGETING SURVEYS: THE FUTURE IS NOW Figure 1. Surveys of Capital Budgeting of Large US Firms Surveyed Year(s) Survey Author(s) Method Number of Usable Responses 1982 Stanley & Block (1984) questionnaire 121 1986 Pruitt & Gitman (1987) questionnaire 121 1986 Pohlman, Santiago, & Markel(1988) questionnaire 232 1988 Gordon & Myers (1991) 1988 1992 1990 1991 1992 Myers, Gordon, & Hamer(1991) Bierman (1993) Porterba & Summers (1995) Gilbert & Reichert (1995) Trahan & Gitman (1995) Sample CFO’s of Fortune 1000 multinationals VP Finance or Treasurer of largest industrials in Fortune 500 CFO’s of Fortune 500 questionnaire 282 questionnaire 282 questionnaire 74 Executives and capital budgeting directors of large US industrials except utilities and transportation Large public firms from FASB Data Bank 100 largest of Fortune 500 questionnaire 160-228 CEO’s of Fortune 1000 questionnaire 151 Fortune Magazine Directory CFO’s questionnaire 84 CFO’s of Fortune 500 + Forbes 200 Managers of foreign manufacturing subsidiaries of US industrials 1992 Shao & Shao (1996) questionnaire 188 1992 Burns & Walker (1997) questionnaire 180 Fortune 500 7,27,10 7 best-sellling texts, 27 prestigious CFO’s, 10 leading financial advisors 1996-97 Bruneretal(1998) telephone survey 1992-93 Mukherjee & Hingorani(1999) questionnaire 102 Fortune 500 CFO’s 1994 Payne, Heath, & Gale (1999) questionnaire 155 USA and Canadian based companies from S&P Compustat database questionnaire 111 CFO’s from Fortune 1000 questionnaire 392 CFO’s from FEI corporations interviews 39 executives of large companies questionnaire 205 CFO’s of Fortune 1000 questionnaire 40 top-ranking officers of Fortune 1000 1997 1999 1999 1999 2005 Gitman & Vandenberg (2000) Graham & Harvey (2001) Triantis & Borison (2001) Ryan & Ryan (2002) Block (2007) z †¢^ II O) (2002) ueAy â€Å"? uBAy o (0 O) †¢a (0 a> i2 i2 o u. a> †¢o (0 (O O) I O) †¢o 3 OQ a re U 3 D) < ‘O6B!)UB9 ‘UBLU|L|Od S (8861.) |S>tJeiM (Z86l.)ueaJi!O’SH!n.id (W6l)>|00ia’8’^8|UBis |L Idea Generation |A. Source of Origination |B. Reasons for Idea Origination |C. Process of Origination & Submission |D. Time Pattern of Origination 1II. ProposalDevelopment |A. Level at Which screening Takes Place |B. Screening Process  ¡C. Cashflow Estimates (and forecasting) |D. Responsibility for Budget Preparation (personnel) |lll. Selection of Projects |A. Classification of Projects for Economic Analysis B. Personnel (Department) Responsible for Analysis C1. Listing Techniques Used |C2. Reasons for Techniques Used Dl. Risk recognition D2. Risk assessment D3. Risk adjustment El. Capital Rationing: How Extensive? E2. Capital Rationing Rationale E3. Capital Rationing Methods Used F. Cost of Capital G. Project Approval |IV. Control (or Perfonnance Evaluation) A. Extent of Use of Post Audit B. Personnel Involved/Procedure C. Performance Measurement D. Use of Evaluation (Punishment/Reward/Etc.) 1* Surveys in this exhibit appear in chronological order of their publication. 82 JOURNAL OF APPLIED FINANCE – ISSUES 1 & 2, 2009 o o o o CM o ( ¿ooz) >iooia 6jaquapueA ‘S UBLUIJO (0002) (6660 9|B0 ‘S ‘MIB9H ‘auÄBd (666 O !UBJo6u!H ‘S aa[jaLj>|ni^ -?†¢ -y -7-?†¢ -y (1.002) uosuog pue suueui -?†¢ ~y (1.002)’^SWBH S lUBMBJO ~7-?†¢ -?†¢ -?†¢ -?†¢ -y -?†¢ (866l.)|Bà ­a.iaunjg -?†¢ CO t ^ -y ( ¿66l)J8>lieM’8SUjng (966l†¢)oeL^S’8OB^s -y (9661.) uBUjJio ‘S UBUBJi -y (S66l.)weM0!ay’s;jaqi!9 -y (9661-) sjauiujns ‘s eqjapod -?†¢ -y m ( £661.) ueuuaig -y -y â€Å"5 ‘a. n O (1-661-) jaoiBH ‘S ‘uopjoo ‘sjaA|/| ~y -y ~y -y (1.661.) sjaÄ|/l’8uopjoo -y ~y -y -y -?†¢ -?†¢ -y ~y -y -y to -y 00

Best way to get an International education †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

Best way to get an International education Nowadays the number of international students is increasing and recently obtaining a diploma in a foreign country has become quite popular. More and more countries open their borders for new young brains. If 10 years ago the USA took the leading place in providing international students with prestigious education and now lots of countries create and develop different programs in order to attract foreign students. Before deciding what country to choose, you have to take into consideration all the pros and cons of international education, studying rules, and make profound research about foreign universities. Sometimes it may turn out that the profession that you would like to obtain is not highly required in your country, so be careful and think twice what and where you would like to study. Which is the best? The first step to be made is to choose the country. You should know well how to provide a proper language analysis,  even if it is a foreign language. It only seems easy, but if you don’t have some specific requirements and benchmark, you are running a risk of getting lost in tones of information about countries, cities, universities, faculties and living conditions. The variety is amazing and it is difficult to find the most suitable. In this article, we give you a short summary of pluses and minuses of education in different countries. Great Britain It is a well-known fact that studying in Britain is very prestigious and interesting. If you enter the university there, you will attach to the centuries-old history and traditions which run through the student’s life in Albion. Nevertheless, students shouldn’t forget that there is also a practical side of studying in England. Pluses High rating of the universities Great quality of education Diplomas are acknowledged worldwide Constant language practice with native speakers Interesting and thrilling student’s life Great chances of employment Minuses High tuition fee Difficulties in getting and prolonging the student visa Tough competition Chances of staying in England after finishing the education are very small The USA Everybody knows the expression â€Å"American dream†. Lots of students choose education in America because it gives more opportunities. Hundreds of universities enroll international students; the choice of educational programs is definitely impressive. Let’s see the good and bad points of studying in this country. Pluses Worldwide famous universities with an immaculate reputation Great variety of educational programs Developed system of students exchange Availability of student’s campuses in almost all universities International student body Good chances of finding a job Respectful and friendly treatment of international students Minuses Quite a high tuition fee Job restrictions during and after studying The educational system differs from many other countries Unusual mentality Quite expensive living conditions and transport New Zeeland In comparison with other countries, New Zeeland is a novice in international education. Nevertheless, modern teaching methods and great sports opportunities attract a lot of foreign students. Pluses High-quality education The British system of education which is considered to be one of the best in the world New universities with progressive views Tuition fee is lower than in other countries Observance of international students’ rights Possibility to stay there for one year after finishing education in order to find a job Perfect climate for sun and warmth lovers Minuses Not so experienced in the international studying filed Geographically â€Å"alienated† Very expensive plane tickets which may be a problem to visit family and friends Netherlands The Netherlands is one of the most popular countries with students in continental Europe. Studying in Europe has its advantages – you don’t have to travel very far and still you get an international education. What else you should know about studying in Holland? Pluses Lots of scholarships and grants for international students Tuition fee is lower than in Britain or the USA Possibility to study in English Innovative teaching methods Diplomas acknowledged all over the world Possibility to combine work with studying Exciting student’s life in the international collective Possibility to stay there for one year after finishing education in order to find a job Minuses Considerable difference in the cost of accommodation, products, goods, and services between the capital and the province Some educational programs are available only in the Netherlands language Statistically, the total cost of living in the Netherlands is higher, than in such large cities as Sydney and Toronto Australia If studying in another country is too trivial, you can study on another continent, and Australia will help you. Even though it is far and quite expensive, Australia is gaining popularity among foreign students. Pluses Any course is thought over, structured, organized and planned. On the Internet, the student can choose the subjects and to create his own schedule. Tuition fee is 30-40% cheaper than in America or Europe Low requirements for the knowledge of the language Employment prospect Possibility of working during education Minuses Often colleges choose teachers on the basis of their knowledge, but no ability to teach. The preference is given to Asian students and teaching is focused specifically on them. Geographically â€Å"alienated† that makes it difficult to visit family and friends No grants and scholarships for international students You are to choose It is clear that every country has its own advantages and disadvantages, so be careful when you choose, think twice, find more information and make a well-weighted decision. Please also check our guide on how to write solution essay with 30 topics provided.

Why dieting ultimately leads to weight gain Essay

Why dieting ultimately leads to weight gain - Essay Example The effects of dieting have surprised many scientists prompting them to indulge in further research to determine the psychological and physiological processes that cause the paradox observed with dieting. It is unfortunate that many people obsessed with dieting only lose weight for some time and are likely to regain more weight after a while. This paper will discuss some of the mechanisms that contribute to weight gain during dieting. Dieting denotes a pattern of regulated and restricted eating with the purpose of losing weight or preventing weight gain. In an era where obesity rates are soaring each year, many people consider dieting as a viable solution. To understand why dieting may trigger weight gain, it is important to consider the normal metabolic process. Food consumed by an individual undergoes a rigorous process of chemical transformation with the objective of producing energy. Naturally, some people have a faster metabolic rate while in others the rate may prove to be slower (Lowe, 2015). Individuals with a faster metabolic rate have an advantage because all the food they consume is burnt down completely. However, individuals with a slow metabolic rate may experience increased fat accumulation because the body lacks the capacity to break down all the food consumed. The dietary pattern affects the normal metabolic rates. Some people practicing dieting avoid meals with high amounts of carbohydrates or fats. Nutritionists have highlighted that consuming lesser amounts of fats prompt the body to preserve fats for the future. Therefore, after a meal, the body adjusts the metabolic rates to preserve fats for the future. Many people who practice restricted eating are likely to consume more food in one go. Since the body is starved, it loses its ability to control satiety (Lowe, Doshi, Katterman, & Feig, 2013). Therefore, an individual is likely to consume more than the required calories. When

Four Seasons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Four Seasons - Research Paper Example 3). Vivaldi’s Four Seasons is distinctly one of the most outstanding works done by Antonio Vivaldi. The song has been used in various movies like; A view to kill, Tin cup, White Chicks among others (Atrium Musicologicum Para. 1). Four seasons has four distinct musical pieces from an orchestra and solo violinist. It signifies the different activities, sounds, atmosphere and weather of the four seasons; Summer, Spring, Winter and Autumn. Despite them being different and each complete by itself, they are designed to perform together (Squido.com, Para. 5). Notes and Historical information Four Seasons by Vivaldi was published in 1725, in a concerto composed of twelve sets referred to as The Test of Harmony and Intervention. Each concerto is in a separate variety of fast-slow-fast movements. Four Seasons by Vivaldi appealed more to the French. That is why King Loius XV loved the ‘Spring’ and authorized it to be performed at the most unanticipated moments (Green Para. 2 ). The period when the Four Season was produced was known as the Baroque era. This era came after the renaissance and middle Ages where there was a large audience for European music that was accompanied with religious hymns. The Baroque era was attributed by the existence of secular vocal music, opera and orchestral music. Based on their texture, the four seasons were unique in the manner that; â€Å"Spring† being one of the seasons was characterized with a Tutti. This represented the arrival of the season, next was the first solo which depicted the greeting from the birds, it followed that the next episodes were related to breezes and a thunderstorm. The solo was also characterized by the existence of a second set of violins. This represented the sound that was produced by the leaves and branches and the viola in the set represented his â€Å"faithful dog† as it was constantly repeated in the set. It should also be noted that the â€Å"barking† was not original ly part of the sonnet but part of the viola part instructions. The set also had an amazing dace part where it represented the inclusion of droning basses. â€Å"Summer† season set was showcased by the opening bars and represented by the sun and a sweltering â€Å"man and flock† (Laphil, â€Å"Antonio Vivaldi†). The first solo consisted of a violin which was accompanied with ornamented and unique cuckoo notes. It was then followed by a turtledove and goldfinch, and rustling of the gentle zephyr breeze, which is joined by the violent north wind (Laphil, â€Å"Antonio Vivaldi†), where the wind has a theme that characterizes the smooth entrance of a shepherd. The shepherd is describes by the music as being fearful that a storm is about to hit the earth and this fearful state was depicted in the form of diminished musical chords. Summer was also characterized by the onset of buzzing insects in the air and the shepherd was listening to them with the mentality a nd thought of the thunderstorm that were about to be experienced. The final set of this portion was that that was related to the actual storm. â€Å"Autumn† was the next season among the four seasons by Vivaldi. It was initially depicted by a dance that was linked to harvest. The individuals enjoy the harvest and they win and dance. They also enjoy the fresh air and rest as they reap their hard